President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he traveled in an open top car in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963; Texas Governor John Connally was also injured. Within two hours, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the murder of a Dallas policeman, and that evening arraigned on a charge of murder in the death of officer J.D. Tippit. At 1:35 the following morning, Oswald was arraigned on the charge of murdering the President. On November 24, 1963, while being transferred from the Dallas Police Department to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner. In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that there was no persuasive evidence that Oswald was in a conspiracy to assassinate the President, and stated their belief that he acted alone. Critics, even before the publication of the official government conclusions, suggested a conspiracy was behind the assassination. Though the public initially accepted the Warren Commission's conclusions, by 1966 the tide had turned as authors such as Mark Lane with his best-selling book Rush to Judgment, and prominent publications such as the New York Review of Books and Life openly disputed the findings of the commission.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald assassinated Kennedy. However, the HSCA also concluded that Kennedy was assassinated "probably as a result of a conspiracy." The HSCA also stated: "The Warren Commission failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President." Other official investigations of the assassination include the Ramsey Clark Panel and the Rockefeller Commission, both of which supported the Warren Commission's conclusions, and the Jim Garrison investigation, which tried unsuccessfully to convict Clay Shaw of participation in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy.
Polls since 1966 have consistently reflected the public's belief that Kennedy was murdered as the result of a conspiracy. For example, according to a 2003 ABC poll, "seven in 10 Americans think the assassination of John F. Kennedy was the result of a plot, not the act of a lone killer — and a bare majority thinks that plot included a second shooter in Dealey Plaza."
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